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- following line appears at the top of the article:
-
- ANTIC PUBLISHING INC.,COPYRIGHT 1986. REPRINTED BY PERMISSION.
-
-
- FRACTALS FOR THE ATARI
-
- BY CHARLES JACKSON, ANTIC PROGRAM EDITOR
-
- (2/4/86: Excerpt from article that will appear in the
- April, 1986 issue of Antic Magazine.)
-
-
- In the simplest of terms, fractals imitate nature.
-
- Fractal theory forms a primary link between mathematics
- and nature, a link that conventional mathematics had long
- been straining to achieve.
-
- Coastlines are not curves, trees are not tubes, and
- clouds are not globes. All of these are fractal shapes
- which can be described and simulated with mathematical
- formulas.
-
- WHAT IS A FRACTAL?
-
- Fractals are shapes which are "infinitely squiggly."
-
- Imagine a shape with an infinite perimeter (outer edge),
- but a finite area. You might draw a circle around such a
- shape in a moment, but you'd need an eternity to trace it
- precisely.
-
- The coastline of Britain is a popular example of a
- fractal. In the following mental exercise, our task will
- be to find the exact length of this coastline.
-
- This is not as simple as it sounds. Coastlines are
- usually quite irregular, and cannot be represented with
- smooth curves. Every inlet, bay and peninsula contributes
- to the total length of a coastline.
-
- We can estimate the length of a coastline with a
- satellite picture of the island. Unfortunately, a
- photograph taken from that altitude would not show all of
- the bays and peninsulas which would contribute to the
- length of the coastline.
-
- So let's come a little closer.
-
- If we drove a car around the coastline of Britain,
- keeping our left wheels in the water and our right wheels
- on the beach, our total mileage would be a better estimate
- of its length. But it would still be an estimate. We'd
- still miss the hundreds of tiny bumps and irregularities
- too small to drive around accurately.
-
- We'd run into the same problem if we walked around the
- coastline, crawled around the coastline with a ruler, or
- measured every bit of the coastline through a microscope.
- No matter how closely you examined it, there would always
- be wrinkles and bulges beyond the range of your
- instruments, and these wrinkles and bulges would contribute
- to the coastline's length.
-
- In the real world, we can imagine "zooming in" on a
- coastline until we're looking at molecules and atoms. In
- the realm of mathematics, we deal with numbers, and our
- imaginary "zoom lens" is no longer limited by the size of
- atomic particles. We can "zoom-in" on a mathematical
- coastline infinitely. The shape defined by such a
- coastline is called fractal.
-
- EXAMPLE:
-
- Consider points A and B on this mathematical coastline.
- From a satellite picture taken at an altitude of 200 miles,
- we estimate that there are 10 miles of coastline between
- the two points. A satellite picture taken at 100 miles
- reveals many smaller bays and peninsulas too small to be
- seen at higher levels. From this new information, we now
- estimate the length of the coastline between A and B to be
- 15 miles.
-
- HAUSDORFF DIMENSION
-
- Mathematicians put both estimates into a complex formula
- which yields a number called the Hausdorff Besicovitch
- dimension -- D. The Hausdorff dimension acts like a ratio
- of the new estimate to the old estimate. (In the previous
- example, D is approximately equal to 1.176.)
-
- In other words, if we are zooming in on a coastline at a
- constant speed, the Hausdorff dimension is proportional to
- the rate at which our coastline estimates grow. If we
- discover only a handful of new bays and peninsulas each
- time we zoom, D will be slightly greater than one.
-
- On the other hand, if we discover a great many bays and
- peninsulas with each zoom, D will be slightly less than
- two.
-
- As D approaches two, however, the coastline become so
- irregular that our bays begin to close into lakes, and our
- peninsulas begin to split off into islands. Since lakes
- and islands are not part of a coastline, D must be greater
- than one, but less than two.
-
- JULIA FRACTAL CURVES
-
- Perhaps the most celebrated fractal shapes are the Julia
- Fractal Curves, nicknamed the Mandelbrot Set. The fractal
- images in this issue are examples of such curves.
-
- The curves are created through an iterative process
- published in 1906 by French mathemeticians Gaston Julia and
- Pierre Fatou.
-
- An iterative process is a task done over and over again
- until one or more conditions are met. A FOR-NEXT loop is a
- good example of an iterative process.
-
- By performing this iteration on every point on the
- computer screen, we can create our own Julia curves. We
- can also vary our starting coordinates and the complex
- constant, u, to create an infinite variety of fractal
- shapes.
-
- The programs in the April issue of Antic Magazine will
- help you create your own Julia curves.
- The fractal zoom program, written for 8-bit Atari
- computers, creates fractal shapes in a variety of graphics
- modes, and then lets you continually "zoom-in" on any part
- of them.
-
- The 3-D fractal
- program, written for the 520ST, creates striking
- three-dimensional fractal images which closely resemble
- rugged mountain ranges, colorful valleys and winding
- rivers.
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